Windows 11 is unable to load Android devices as MTP devices

I have a computer where Windows 11 works fine with my android phone. However now I reinstalled Windows 11 (all updates installed ) and connected the phone. The MTB driver loads and unloads and loads and ... The device never shows up in the explorer and the device manager flips between a new group other devices back and forth. How can I fix this? All tutorials I could find want to select the driver in the device manager which is not possible in my case.

Question by Matthias Pospiech on Super User, licensed CC BY-SA. We show a short excerpt and link to the original thread as credit.